GCC OpenGL without glut

How do I execute the following code without using glut?

I’ve got the “glew-1.7.0” header files, libs… I don’t loaded and I want the code below to compile so how do I do it?


#include <stdlib.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>

void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y);
void display(void);


int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
  glutInit(&argc, argv);
  glutCreateWindow("GLUT Test");
  glutKeyboardFunc(&keyboard);
  glutDisplayFunc(&display);
  glutMainLoop();

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}


void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
  switch (key)
  {
    case '\x1B':
      exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
      break;
  }
}


void display()
{
  glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

  glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

  glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
    glVertex2f(-0.5f, -0.5f);
    glVertex2f( 0.5f, -0.5f);
    glVertex2f( 0.5f,  0.5f);
    glVertex2f(-0.5f,  0.5f);
  glEnd();

  glFlush();
}

How you plan to compile and run a program that clearly uses the glut headers and functions without glut?

I want to learn how I’d do that without using “glut”, that my main issue. I thought I’d post this to get some guidance over how i could attempt to do it

OpenGL doesn’t do windowing for you, and neither does GLEW. You can do it yourself, or use existing libraries (like GLUT) or SDL, SFML, CPW: GLUT-like Windowing Toolkits. I personally like using SDL. Doing it yourself can be difficult, especially if you try to make it cross platform. But, in case you are still interested, a quick google search revealed this (setup on windows): http://www.nullterminator.net/opengl32.html.

Please direct people to more up-to-date resources like the OpenGL Wiki, rather than the “resources” section on this site.

Is GLUT also available for linux?

Does Open AL require an OS abstraction layer like glut or glfw? Plus for sound api what would you recommend to go with OpenGL in the open source realm? (something preferably free)

Of course it is. GLUT is a cross-platform toolkit. Windows, Linux, Mac, and most others too. And most importantly, its modern re-implementations (most notably FreeGLUT) are also cross-platform. You never use the original GLUT any more, but rather FreeGLUT.

To save yourself trouble, you probably want to use GLUT or some other helper library (and yes, freeglut and a number of others are out there on Linux).

But if you really do want the bare-bones “how do you do it with just plain X11 and GL”, here you go:

Two examples: One with new-style context creation and one with old-style.

New-style GL context:


//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// glx_simple_new - Shows how to create an X window and a new-style 
//   GL context without GLUT or any helper libraries.
//
//   COMPILE WITH:
//       g++ -g -o glx_simple_new glx_simple_new.cxx -lGLU -lGL -lX11

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
#define GLX_GLXEXT_PROTOTYPES
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <GL/glx.h>

struct MyWin
{
  Display  *display;
  Window    win;
  bool      displayed;
  int       width;
  int       height;
};

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

const int   WIN_XPOS    = 256;
const int   WIN_YPOS    = 64;
const int   WIN_XRES    = 320;
const int   WIN_YRES    = 320;
const int   NUM_SAMPLES = 4;

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

MyWin        Win;

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

double elapsedMsec( const struct timeval &start, const struct timeval &stop )
{
  return ( ( stop.tv_sec  - start.tv_sec  ) * 1000.0 +
           ( stop.tv_usec - start.tv_usec ) / 1000.0 );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

double elapsedUsec( const struct timeval &start, const struct timeval &stop )
{
  return ( ( stop.tv_sec  - start.tv_sec  ) * 1000000.0 +
           ( stop.tv_usec - start.tv_usec ) );
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// check() - Check for GL errors, and report any queued

void check( const char hdr[] = "" )
{
  int err;

  while ( ( err = glGetError() ) != GL_NO_ERROR )
    fprintf( stderr, "OpenGL Error at %s: %s
", hdr, gluErrorString(err) );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void displayCB()
{
  glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

  //---------------------------------------------------
  // FIXME: Insert GL draw code here
  //---------------------------------------------------

  // Display it
  glXSwapBuffers( Win.display, Win.win );

  check( "displayCB()" );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void keyboardCB( KeySym sym, unsigned char key, int x, int y,
                 bool &setting_change )
{
  switch ( tolower( key ) )
  {
    case 27:
      // ESCape - We're done!
      exit (0);
      break;

    case 'k':
      printf( "You hit the 'k' key
" );
      break;

    case 0:
      switch ( sym )
      {
        case XK_Left  : 
          printf( "You hit the Left Arrow key
" );
          break;

        case XK_Right :
          printf( "You hit the Right Arrow key
" );
          break;
      }
      break;
  }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void reshapeCB( int width, int height )
{
  Win.width = width;
  Win.height = height;
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/** chooseFBConfig() - Try to find a framebuffer config that matches
 *    the specified pixel requirements.
 */

GLXFBConfig chooseFBConfig( Display *display, int screen )
{
  // Default template
  static const int Visual_attribs[] =
    {
      GLX_X_RENDERABLE    , True,
      GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE   , GLX_WINDOW_BIT,
      GLX_RENDER_TYPE     , GLX_RGBA_BIT,
      GLX_X_VISUAL_TYPE   , GLX_TRUE_COLOR,
      GLX_RED_SIZE        , 8,
      GLX_GREEN_SIZE      , 8,
      GLX_BLUE_SIZE       , 8,
      GLX_ALPHA_SIZE      , 8,
      GLX_DEPTH_SIZE      , 24,
      GLX_STENCIL_SIZE    , 8,
      GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER    , True,
      GLX_SAMPLE_BUFFERS  , 1,
      GLX_SAMPLES         , 4,
      None
    };

  int attribs [ 100 ] ;
  memcpy( attribs, Visual_attribs, sizeof( Visual_attribs ) );

  // DELETED

  GLXFBConfig ret = 0;

  int fbcount;
  GLXFBConfig *fbc = glXChooseFBConfig( display, screen,
                                        attribs, &fbcount );
  if ( fbc )
  {
    if ( fbcount >= 1 )
      ret = fbc[0];

    XFree( fbc );
  }

  return ret;
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

GLXContext createContext( Display *display, int screen,
                          GLXFBConfig fbconfig, XVisualInfo *visinfo, 
                          Window window )
{
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB       0x2091
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB       0x2092
typedef GLXContext (*glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)(Display*, GLXFBConfig, GLXContext, Bool, const int*);

  // Verify GL driver supports glXCreateContextAttribsARB()
  //   Create an old-style GLX context first, to get the correct function ptr.
  glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc glXCreateContextAttribsARB = 0;

  GLXContext ctx_old = glXCreateContext( display, visinfo, 0, True );
  if ( !ctx_old ) 
  {
    printf( "Could not even allocate an old-style GL context!
" );
    exit(1);
  }

  glXMakeCurrent ( display, window, ctx_old ) ;

  // Verify that GLX implementation supports the new context create call
  if ( strstr( glXQueryExtensionsString( display, screen ), 
               "GLX_ARB_create_context" ) != 0 )
    glXCreateContextAttribsARB = (glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)
      glXGetProcAddress( (const GLubyte *) "glXCreateContextAttribsARB" );

  if ( !glXCreateContextAttribsARB )
  {
    printf( "Can't create new-style GL context
" );
    exit(1);
  }

  // Got the pointer.  Nuke old context.
  glXMakeCurrent( display, None, 0 );
  glXDestroyContext( display, ctx_old );

  // Try to allocate a GL 4.2 COMPATIBILITY context
  static int Context_attribs[] =
  {
    GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 4,
    GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 2,
    GLX_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB , GLX_CONTEXT_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT_ARB,
    //GLX_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB, GLX_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB,
    //GLX_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB       , GLX_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB,
    //GLX_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB       , GLX_CONTEXT_DEBUG_BIT_ARB,
    None
  };

  GLXContext context = glXCreateContextAttribsARB( display, fbconfig, 0, 
                                                   True, Context_attribs );

  // Forcably wait on any resulting X errors
  XSync( display, False );

  if ( !context )
  {
    printf( "Failed to allocate a GL 4.2 context
" );
    exit(1);
  }
  
  printf( "Created GL 4.2 context
" );

  return context;
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void createWindow()
{
  // Init X and GLX
  Win.displayed = false;
  Display *display = Win.display = XOpenDisplay( ":0.0" );
  if ( !display )
    printf( "Cannot open X display
" );

  int    screen   = DefaultScreen( display );
  Window root_win = RootWindow( display, screen );

  if ( !glXQueryExtension( display, 0, 0 ) )
    printf( "X Server doesn't support GLX extension
" );

  // Pick an FBconfig and visual
  GLXFBConfig fbconfig = chooseFBConfig( display, screen );
  if ( !fbconfig )
  {
    printf( "Failed to get GLXFBConfig
" );
    exit(1);
  }

  XVisualInfo *visinfo = glXGetVisualFromFBConfig( display, fbconfig );
  if ( !visinfo )
  {
    printf( "Failed to get XVisualInfo
" );
    exit(1);
  }
  printf( "X Visual ID = 0x%.2x
", int( visinfo->visualid ) );

  // Create the X window
  XSetWindowAttributes winAttr ;

  winAttr.event_mask = StructureNotifyMask | KeyPressMask ;
  winAttr.background_pixmap = None ;
  winAttr.background_pixel  = 0    ;
  winAttr.border_pixel      = 0    ;

  winAttr.colormap = XCreateColormap( display, root_win,
                                      visinfo->visual, AllocNone );
  
  unsigned int mask = CWBackPixmap | CWBorderPixel | CWColormap | CWEventMask;

  Window win = Win.win = XCreateWindow ( display, root_win, 
                                         WIN_XPOS, WIN_YPOS, 
                                         WIN_XRES, WIN_YRES, 0, 
                                         visinfo->depth, InputOutput, 
                                         visinfo->visual, mask, &winAttr ) ;

  XStoreName( Win.display, win, "My GLX Window");

  // Create an OpenGL context and attach it to our X window
  GLXContext context = createContext( display, screen, fbconfig, visinfo, win );

  if ( ! glXMakeCurrent( display, win, context ) )
    printf( "glXMakeCurrent failed.
" );

  if ( ! glXIsDirect ( display, glXGetCurrentContext() ) )
    printf( "Indirect GLX rendering context obtained
" );

  // Display the window
  XMapWindow( display, win );

  if ( ! glXMakeCurrent( display, win, context ) )
    printf( "glXMakeCurrent failed.
" );

  check( "createWindow()" );

  printf( "Window Size    = %d x %d
", WIN_XRES, WIN_YRES );
  printf( "Window Samples = %d
", NUM_SAMPLES );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void processXEvents( Atom wm_protocols, Atom wm_delete_window )
{
  bool setting_change = false;

  while ( XEventsQueued( Win.display, QueuedAfterFlush ) )
  {
    XEvent    event;
  
    XNextEvent( Win.display, &event );

    if( event.xany.window != Win.win )
      continue;

    switch ( event.type )
    {
      case MapNotify:
        {
          Win.displayed = true;
          break;
        }
      case ConfigureNotify:
        {
          XConfigureEvent &cevent = event.xconfigure;
          reshapeCB( cevent.width, cevent.height );
          break;
        }
      case KeyPress:
        {
          char      chr;
          KeySym    symbol;
          XComposeStatus status;
          
          XLookupString( &event.xkey, &chr, 1, &symbol, &status );

          keyboardCB( symbol, chr, event.xkey.x, event.xkey.y,
                      setting_change );
          break;
        }
      case ClientMessage:
        {
          if ( event.xclient.message_type      == wm_protocols &&
               Atom( event.xclient.data.l[0] ) == wm_delete_window )
          {
            //printf( "Received WM_DELETE_WINDOW
" );
            exit(0);
          }
          break;
        }
    }
  }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void mainLoop()
{
  // Register to receive window close events (the "X" window manager button)
  Atom wm_protocols     = XInternAtom( Win.display, "WM_PROTOCOLS"    , False);
  Atom wm_delete_window = XInternAtom( Win.display, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
  XSetWMProtocols( Win.display, Win.win, &wm_delete_window, True );

  while (1) 
  {
    // Redraw window (after it's mapped)
    if ( Win.displayed )
      displayCB();

    // Update frame rate
    static timeval last_xcheck   = {0,0};
    struct timeval now;
    gettimeofday( &now, 0 );
    
    // Check X events every 1/10 second
    if ( elapsedMsec( last_xcheck, now ) > 100 )
    {
      processXEvents( wm_protocols, wm_delete_window );
      last_xcheck = now;
    }
  }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
  // Init globals
  Win.width = WIN_XRES, Win.height = WIN_YRES;

  // Create context and window
  createWindow();

  // Init OpenGL
  glViewport  ( 0, 0, Win.width, Win.height ); 
  glColorMask ( 1,1,1,1 );
  glClearColor( 0,0,1,1 );
  glClear     ( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

  // Go
  printf( "Valid keys: Left, Right, k, ESC
" );
  printf( "Press ESC to quit
" );

  mainLoop();

  return 0;
}

And old-style GL context:


//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// glx_simple_old - Shows how to create an X window and a old-style 
//   GL context without GLUT or any helper libraries.
//
//   COMPILE WITH:
//       g++ -g -o glx_simple_old glx_simple_old.cxx -lGLU -lGL -lX11

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
#define GLX_GLXEXT_PROTOTYPES
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <GL/glx.h>

struct MyWin
{
  Display  *display;
  Window    win;
  bool      displayed;
  int       width;
  int       height;
};

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

const int   WIN_XPOS    = 256;
const int   WIN_YPOS    = 64;
const int   WIN_XRES    = 320;
const int   WIN_YRES    = 320;
const int   NUM_SAMPLES = 4;

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

MyWin        Win;

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

double elapsedMsec( const struct timeval &start, const struct timeval &stop )
{
  return ( ( stop.tv_sec  - start.tv_sec  ) * 1000.0 +
           ( stop.tv_usec - start.tv_usec ) / 1000.0 );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

double elapsedUsec( const struct timeval &start, const struct timeval &stop )
{
  return ( ( stop.tv_sec  - start.tv_sec  ) * 1000000.0 +
           ( stop.tv_usec - start.tv_usec ) );
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// check() - Check for GL errors, and report any queued

void check( const char hdr[] = "" )
{
  int err;

  while ( ( err = glGetError() ) != GL_NO_ERROR )
    fprintf( stderr, "OpenGL Error at %s: %s
", hdr, gluErrorString(err) );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void displayCB()
{
  glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

  //---------------------------------------------------
  // FIXME: Insert GL draw code here
  //---------------------------------------------------

  // Display it
  glXSwapBuffers( Win.display, Win.win );

  check( "displayCB()" );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void keyboardCB( KeySym sym, unsigned char key, int x, int y,
                 bool &setting_change )
{
  switch ( tolower( key ) )
  {
    case 27:
      // ESCape - We're done!
      exit (0);
      break;

    case 'k':
      printf( "You hit the 'k' key
" );
      break;

    case 0:
      switch ( sym )
      {
        case XK_Left  : 
          printf( "You hit the Left Arrow key
" );
          break;

        case XK_Right :
          printf( "You hit the Right Arrow key
" );
          break;
      }
      break;
  }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void reshapeCB( int width, int height )
{
  Win.width = width;
  Win.height = height;
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

XVisualInfo *chooseVisual( Display *display )
{
  int attribs [ 100 ] ;
  int n = 0 ;

  // Request 24-bit color with alpha
  attribs [n++] = GLX_RGBA ;
  attribs [n++] = GLX_RED_SIZE   ; attribs [n++] = 8 ;
  attribs [n++] = GLX_GREEN_SIZE ; attribs [n++] = 8 ;
  attribs [n++] = GLX_BLUE_SIZE  ; attribs [n++] = 8 ;

  // Request 24-bit depth buffer
  attribs [n++] = GLX_DEPTH_SIZE ; attribs [n++] = 24 ;

  // Request 4 multisamples per pixel
  attribs [n++] = GLX_SAMPLE_BUFFERS ; attribs [n++] = 1 ;
  attribs [n++] = GLX_SAMPLES        ; attribs [n++] = NUM_SAMPLES ;

  // Request double-buffering
  attribs [n++] = GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER ;
  attribs [n++] = None ;

  return glXChooseVisual( display, DefaultScreen( display ), attribs );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void createWindow()
{
  // Init X and GLX
  Win.displayed = false;
  Display *display = Win.display = XOpenDisplay( ":0.0" );
  if ( !display )
    printf( "Cannot open X display
" );

  int    screen   = DefaultScreen( display );
  Window root_win = RootWindow( display, screen );

  if ( !glXQueryExtension( display, 0, 0 ) )
    printf( "X Server doesn't support GLX extension
" );

  // Pick a visual
  XVisualInfo *visinfo = chooseVisual( display );
  if ( visinfo == 0 )
    printf( "glXChooseVisual failed
" );

  // Describe the visual
  printf( "Window Visual 0x%.2x
", unsigned( visinfo->visualid ) );

  // Create the X window
  XSetWindowAttributes winAttr ;

  winAttr.event_mask = StructureNotifyMask | KeyPressMask ;
  winAttr.background_pixmap = None ;
  winAttr.background_pixel  = 0    ;
  winAttr.border_pixel      = 0    ;

  winAttr.colormap = XCreateColormap( display, root_win,
                                      visinfo->visual, AllocNone );
  
  unsigned int mask = CWBackPixmap | CWBorderPixel | CWColormap | CWEventMask;

  Window win = Win.win = XCreateWindow ( display, root_win, 
                                         WIN_XPOS, WIN_YPOS, 
                                         WIN_XRES, WIN_YRES, 0, 
                                         visinfo->depth, InputOutput, 
                                         visinfo->visual, mask, &winAttr ) ;

  XStoreName( Win.display, win, "My GLX Window");

  // Create an OpenGL context and attach it to our X window
  GLXContext context = glXCreateContext( display, visinfo, NULL, 1 ) ;

  if ( ! glXMakeCurrent( display, win, context ) )
    printf( "glXMakeCurrent failed.
" );

  if ( ! glXIsDirect ( display, glXGetCurrentContext() ) )
    printf( "Indirect GLX rendering context obtained
" );

  // Display the window
  XMapWindow( display, win );

  if ( ! glXMakeCurrent( display, win, context ) )
    printf( "glXMakeCurrent failed.
" );

  check( "createWindow()" );

  printf( "Window Size    = %d x %d
", WIN_XRES, WIN_YRES );
  printf( "Window Samples = %d
", NUM_SAMPLES );
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void processXEvents( Atom wm_protocols, Atom wm_delete_window )
{
  bool setting_change = false;

  while ( XEventsQueued( Win.display, QueuedAfterFlush ) )
  {
    XEvent    event;
  
    XNextEvent( Win.display, &event );

    if( event.xany.window != Win.win )
      continue;

    switch ( event.type )
    {
      case MapNotify:
        {
          Win.displayed = true;
          break;
        }
      case ConfigureNotify:
        {
          XConfigureEvent &cevent = event.xconfigure;
          reshapeCB( cevent.width, cevent.height );
          break;
        }
      case KeyPress:
        {
          char      chr;
          KeySym    symbol;
          XComposeStatus status;
          
          XLookupString( &event.xkey, &chr, 1, &symbol, &status );

          keyboardCB( symbol, chr, event.xkey.x, event.xkey.y,
                      setting_change );
          break;
        }
      case ClientMessage:
        {
          if ( event.xclient.message_type      == wm_protocols &&
               Atom( event.xclient.data.l[0] ) == wm_delete_window )
          {
            //printf( "Received WM_DELETE_WINDOW
" );
            exit(0);
          }
          break;
        }
    }
  }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void mainLoop()
{
  // Register to receive window close events (the "X" window manager button)
  Atom wm_protocols     = XInternAtom( Win.display, "WM_PROTOCOLS"    , False);
  Atom wm_delete_window = XInternAtom( Win.display, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
  XSetWMProtocols( Win.display, Win.win, &wm_delete_window, True );

  while (1) 
  {
    // Redraw window (after it's mapped)
    if ( Win.displayed )
      displayCB();

    // Update frame rate
    static timeval last_xcheck   = {0,0};
    struct timeval now;
    gettimeofday( &now, 0 );
    
    // Check X events every 1/10 second
    if ( elapsedMsec( last_xcheck, now ) > 100 )
    {
      processXEvents( wm_protocols, wm_delete_window );
      last_xcheck = now;
    }
  }
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------

int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
  // Init globals
  Win.width = WIN_XRES, Win.height = WIN_YRES;

  // Create context and window
  createWindow();

  // Init OpenGL
  glViewport  ( 0, 0, Win.width, Win.height ); 
  glColorMask ( 1,1,1,1 );
  glClearColor( 0,0,1,1 );
  glClear     ( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

  // Go
  printf( "Valid keys: Left, Right, k, ESC
" );
  printf( "Press ESC to quit
" );

  mainLoop();

  return 0;
}